9. Tense and aspect กาลและการณ์ลักษณะ
29 grammar points (TG119–TG147) · 11 beginner · 16 intermediate · 2 advanced
Thai verbs never change form. Time is shown with words such as จะ, กำลัง, แล้ว, เคย and ยัง, or simply by context.
| ID | Grammar point | Meaning | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|
| TG119 | No tense marking | Verbs never change form; time words or context show time | Beginner |
| TG120 | จะ | Future/intention: “will, going to” | Beginner |
| TG121 | กำลัง | Action in progress: “is …-ing” | Beginner |
| TG122 | อยู่ (continuous) | Continuing action or state | Beginner |
| TG123 | กำลัง … อยู่ | Strongly progressive “right now” | Beginner |
| TG124 | แล้ว (completion) | “Already”; completed action or changed state | Beginner |
| TG125 | เคย | Experience: “have ever / used to” | Beginner |
| TG126 | ยัง / ยังไม่ | “Still”; “not yet” | Beginner |
| TG127 | เพิ่ง | “Just” (very recently). Before a time or number it also means “only” (เพิ่งสามโมง “It’s only three o’clock”) | Beginner |
| TG128 | เสร็จ | “Finish doing” | Beginner |
| TG129 | ยัง … อยู่ (still) | “Still (doing / being)” | Beginner |
| TG130 | ได้ + V (past) | Marks a past/realised action (common in negatives and formal speech) | Intermediate |
| TG131 | กำลังจะ | “About to” | Intermediate |
| TG132 | เกือบ / เกือบจะ | “Almost, nearly” | Intermediate |
| TG133 | มา…แล้ว (duration) | “Have been … for (time)” | Intermediate |
| TG134 | ไป / มา (aspectual) | ไป = moving away / change ongoing; มา = up to now / toward speaker | Intermediate |
| TG135 | ขึ้น / ลง (change of state) | Increase vs decrease, improving vs declining | Intermediate |
| TG136 | ไว้ | Do something and keep it for later use | Intermediate |
| TG137 | หมด | “All / completely used up” | Intermediate |
| TG138 | ค่อย ๆ | “Gradually, slowly, gently” | Intermediate |
| TG139 | ค่อย (later) | “Then (do it later)” | Intermediate |
| TG140 | มัก / มักจะ | “Tend to, usually” | Intermediate |
| TG141 | จวน / จวนจะ | “Almost, about to” | Intermediate |
| TG142 | กว่าจะ … ก็ | “By the time …, (already) …”; stresses that something took a long time | Intermediate |
| TG143 | ถึง / ถึงจะ / จึงจะ (only then) | “Only then, not until” | Intermediate |
| TG144 | ทีไร … ทุกที | “Every time X, Y happens” | Intermediate |
| TG145 | V + ได้ + duration (+ แล้ว) | “Has done for (a period)”; with แล้ว the action is still going on | Intermediate |
| TG146 | ชัก / ชักจะ | “Starting to (become)…” | Advanced |
| TG147 | เกิด (unexpected event) | Something “happens to” occur unexpectedly | Advanced |